Bincika Abubuwan gama-gari don masu ɗaure
Yawancin kayan haɗin gwiwa sune karfe. A matsayin mutumin da ke aiki a cikin masana'antar fastener, wajibi ne a fahimci canje-canje, bambance-bambance da aikace-aikace. Fahimtar nau'ikan nau'ikan kayan da ake amfani da su don masu ɗaure yana da mahimmanci don zaɓar wanda ya dace don takamaiman aikace-aikacen. Anan ga bayyani na kayan maɗaukaki na gama-gari, abubuwan haɗinsu, da aikace-aikace na yau da kullun:
Ⅰ. Karfe Karfe
Abun ciki: Karfe na Carbon ya ƙunshi ƙarfe da farko tare da ƙaramin adadin carbon (yawanci ƙasa da 1.7%) da kuma wasu abubuwa kamar manganese, silicon, ko sulfur.
Maki: Ƙarfe mai ƙarancin carbon (mai laushi), ƙarfe mai matsakaicin ƙarfe, ƙarfe mai ƙarfi.
♦Ƙananan ƙarfe na carbon, wanda kuma aka sani da ƙarfe mai laushi, yana da abun ciki na carbon daga 0.10% zuwa 0.30%. Low carbon karfe ne sauki yarda daban-daban aiki kamar ƙirƙira, waldi da yankan, kuma ana amfani da sau da yawa don yin sarƙoƙi, rivets, kusoshi, shafts, da dai sauransu Ya hada da mafi talakawa carbon tsarin steels da wasu high quality-carbon tsarin karfe. Yawancin su ana amfani da su don sassan tsarin injiniya ba tare da maganin zafi ba, wasu kuma ana amfani da su don sassa na inji waɗanda ke buƙatar juriya bayan carbonization da sauran magungunan zafi.
♦Matsakaicin carbon karfe karfe ne na carbon tare da abun ciki na carbon na 0.25% zuwa 0.60%. Baya ga carbon, kuma yana iya ƙunsar ƙaramin adadin manganese (0.70% zuwa 1.20%). Dangane da ingancin samfurin, an kasu kashi na yau da kullun carbon tsarin karfe da babban ingancin carbon tsarin karfe. Yana da kyakkyawan aiki mai zafi da yanke aiki, amma aikin walda mara kyau. Ƙarfi da taurin sun fi na ƙananan ƙarfe na carbon, yayin da filastik da taurin sun kasance ƙasa da na ƙananan ƙarfe. Medium carbon karfe yana da kyau m inji Properties bayan quenching da tempering. Sabili da haka, a cikin amfani daban-daban tare da matakan ƙarfin matsakaici, matsakaicin ƙarfe na carbon an fi amfani dashi. Baya ga amfani da shi azaman kayan gini, ana kuma amfani da shi sosai wajen kera sassa daban-daban na inji.
♦Babban karfen carbon, sau da yawa ana kiransa karfen kayan aiki, yana da abun ciki na carbon daga 0.60% zuwa 1.70% kuma ana iya taurare da fushi.
Babban Amfani & Aikace-aikace: Yawanci ana amfani da su don maƙallan maƙasudi na gaba ɗaya kamarkusoshi, goro,sukurori, da tudu. Suna ba da ƙarfi mai kyau kuma suna da tsada. Ana iya amfani da jiyya na sama kamar platin zinc don inganta juriyar lalata.
Ⅱ. Bakin Karfe
Abun ciki: Alloy na baƙin ƙarfe, chromium (Chromium abun ciki 12% zuwa 30%), da sauran abubuwa kamar nickel, molybdenum, da nitrogen. Abubuwan da ke cikin chromium suna ba da kyakkyawan juriya na lalata.
Chromium shine ainihin kashi wanda ke sa bakin karfe ya jure lalata. Lokacin da abun ciki na chromium a cikin karfe ya kai kusan 1.2%, chromium yana amsawa tare da iskar oxygen a cikin matsakaiciyar lalata don samar da fim ɗin oxide na bakin ciki sosai (fim ɗin wucewar kai) akan saman ƙarfe, wanda zai iya hana ƙarin lalata na matrix na ƙarfe. Bugu da ƙari, chromium, abubuwan haɗakarwa da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da nickel, molybdenum, titanium, niobium, jan ƙarfe, nitrogen, da dai sauransu don biyan bukatun ƙungiyar bakin karfe da aiki don amfani daban-daban.
Nau'ukan: Austenitic (misali, 201, 304, 316), Martensitic (misali, 410, 420), Ferritic (misali, 430,446).
Babban Amfani & Aikace-aikace: Ana amfani da shi a wuraren da juriya na lalata ke da mahimmanci, kamar marine, sinadarai, da masana'antun sarrafa abinci. Hakanan ya dace da aikace-aikacen zafin jiki mai ƙarfi.
Bakin karfe ba zai haifar da lalata, rami, tsatsa ko lalacewa ba. Bakin karfe kuma yana daya daga cikin mafi karfi a tsakanin kayan karfe da ake amfani da su wajen gini. Saboda bakin karfe yana da kyakkyawan juriya na lalata, zai iya kiyaye mutuncin ƙirar injiniyan kayan aikin har abada. Bakin karfe mai ɗauke da Chromium shima yana haɗa ƙarfin injina da tsayi mai tsayi, yana mai sauƙaƙa sarrafawa da kera abubuwan haɗin gwiwa.
Ⅲ. Alloy Karfe
Abun ciki: Ya ƙunshi mafi girma kashi na alloying abubuwa (misali, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, vanadium) idan aka kwatanta da carbon karfe, wanda inganta kaddarorin kamar ƙarfi, taurin, da tauri.
Idan abun ciki na chromium a cikin gami da karfe ya kai kusan kashi 12%, chromium oxide mai yawa zai samu akan saman karfen, yana haifar da canji kwatsam a cikin juriya na lalata na karfe a cikin watsa labarai na oxidizing da inganta shi sosai. Abubuwa irin su chromium, aluminum, da silicon na iya inganta juriya na iskar shaka da juriya na lalata karfe zuwa iskar gas mai zafi, amma aluminium da silicon da suka wuce kima zasu lalata thermoplasticity na karfe. Ana amfani da nickel galibi don samarwa da daidaita tsarin austenite, ta yadda karfe zai iya samun kyawawan kaddarorin inji, juriya na lalata da aiwatar da aikin. Molybdenum na iya hanzarta wuce bakin karfe mai jure acid kuma ya inganta juriyar lalatawarsa ga mafita mai ɗauke da ions chloride da sauran kafofin watsa labarai marasa oxidizing.
Maki: Dangane da abubuwan da ke cikin abubuwan da aka haɗa, an raba shi zuwa ƙananan ƙarfe (abun ciki 10%).
Babban Amfani & Aikace-aikace: Ana amfani da shi a cikin maɗauran ƙarfi don motoci, sararin samaniya, da injuna masu nauyi, inda ake buƙatar ƙarfin ƙarfi da juriya.
Ⅳ. Copper
Abun ciki: Tagulla mai tsafta ko gami da wasu ƙananan karafa kamar gwangwani (tagulla) ko zinc (tagulla).
Copper, ƙarfe mai launin shuɗi-ja, yana da nauyin 8.92 g/cm3. Matsayin narkewa 1083.4 ± 0.2 ℃, Matsayin tafasa 2567 ℃. Copper yana daya daga cikin karafa na farko da mutane suka gano kuma daya daga cikin mafi kyawun karafa masu tsafta. Yana da ɗan wuya, matuƙar tauri da juriya. Hakanan yana da kyau ductility. Yana da kyakkyawan yanayin zafi da lantarki. Copper da wasu daga cikin allunansa suna da kyakkyawan juriya na lalata kuma suna da ƙarfi sosai a bushewar iska. Amma a cikin iska mai danshi, ana iya samar da wani nau'in koren carbonate na jan ƙarfe a samansa, wanda ake kira verdigris. Yana narkewa a cikin nitric acid da sulfuric acid mai zafi mai zafi, kuma yana narkewa a cikin hydrochloric acid. Yana da sauƙin lalata da alkali.
Babban Amfani & Aikace-aikace: An san shi don kyakkyawan ƙarfin lantarki da juriya na lalata. Ana yawan amfani da mannen ƙarfe da tagulla a haɗin lantarki da aikace-aikacen ruwa.
Ⅴ. Aluminum
Abun ciki: Tsaftataccen aluminum ko aluminum gami, wanda zai iya haɗa da abubuwa kamar jan karfe, magnesium, silicon, ko zinc.
Aluminum wani ƙarfe ne mai farin azurfa mai sheki tare da nauyin 2.702 g/cm3, wurin narkewa na 660.37 ℃, da wurin tafasa na 2467 ℃. Yana da kyawawa mai kyau na thermal, watsin lantarki da ductility. Aluminum ana kiransa nau'in ƙarfe mai aiki, amma fim ɗin oxide mai yawa zai fito akan samansa a cikin iska, yana hana shi ci gaba da amsawa da iskar oxygen da ruwa. Zai iya amsawa tare da iskar oxygen a yanayin zafi mai zafi don saki babban adadin zafi. Za a iya amfani da ka'idar thermite dauki a samarwa, kamar walda karfe dogo, smelting refractory karafa, da kuma yin gargajiya pyrotechnics.
Babban Amfani & Aikace-aikace: Mai nauyi da juriya ga lalata, yana sa su dace don sararin samaniya, motoci, da aikace-aikacen ruwa. Ana kuma amfani da na'urorin aluminium wajen gine-gine da na'urorin lantarki saboda ƙarancin nauyinsu da kuma abubuwan da ba na maganadisu ba.
Matsayi
• ISO(Ƙungiyar Ƙungiya ta Ƙasashen Duniya): Yana ba da ƙa'idodin ƙasashen duniya waɗanda ke aiki a duniya.
• GB(Guobiao, China National Standard): Ma'auni na kasar Sin.
• DAGA(Deutsches Institut für Normung, Cibiyar Ƙididdiga ta Jamusanci): Matsayin Jamusanci, sananne a duniya.
• AISI/SAE(Cibiyar Iron da Karfe ta Amurka / Society of Injiniyoyi Automotive): Matsayin Amurka, musamman don karafa.
• SHI(Ka'idojin Masana'antu na Japan): Matsayin Jafananci, galibi ana amfani da su a cikin ƙasashen Asiya.
Kowane abu yana da nasa fa'idodi kuma an zaɓi shi bisa ƙayyadaddun buƙatun aikace-aikacen, kamar ƙarfi, juriya na lalata, zazzabi, da farashi. Yana da mahimmanci a zaɓi kayan da suka dace da daraja don tabbatar da abin ɗaure yana yin abin dogaro a wurin da aka nufa.
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